Environmental factors faced by dell and its competitors business essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1377 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Dell Computer Company so far is been considered the most successful business company in the world among those that are in market for the past twenty years. In 2005, the company was titled the Number 1 Personal Computer vendor in the world besides being an unknown start-up in 1984.With its unique strategy of doing business, it has enabled itself to be the highlight of the computer industry comprising of some big giants including HP, IBM and Microsoft. Dell has maintained its sustainability and competitive advantage by using its superior customer service and market leadership and strong financial results. Environmental Analysis Internal Environment Dell has developed its structure on the concept of 3-m model. As Dell is a multidivisional company with different operating divisions representing separate profit centers, it implements the cooperative form of related constrained strategy. Dells corporate utilization consists of sharing of RD, finance, marketing, human resources, manufacturing, and information systems. This combination is possible because Dell pride itself on a flat corporate structure that encourages each worker to contribute innovative ideas (Martinsons). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental factors faced by dell and its competitors business essay" essay for you Create order Core Competencies Cost Differentiation strategy Dell has remained consistent in being a cost leader in the industry and yet provide high quality PCs by using its Direct Business Model approach. This model helped Dell to keep just- in-time manufacturing, built-to-order products, low inventory and direct customer relationship with manufacturer. It also enabled Dell to cut out the intermediary costs. Build-To-Customer Order Dell has enabled to excel in another advantage over its competitors by including in its operating system the build to customer order strategy to sell PCs directly to customers. This has resulted in Dell being able to understand the customers needs better and providing the solutions that are most effective for meeting customers need. Dell has a direct dealing with its customers, suppliers and communicates directly with employees. Companys market penetration is sustained by this simple concept. Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory The third core competency of Dell operating sys tem or internal environment is its JIT inventory system using which has enabled Dell to meet the customers requirements within time and by using fresh inventories (less than five days old). This inventory period saves time and money for Dell. Surplus supplies cause extra costs so Dell saves this extra costs for its customers with the added advantage of custom designs for the customers. SWOT Analysis External Environment Dells external environment can be classified under three components: The Remote Environment The Remote environment is made up of economic, technological, ecological, social and political, factors. Dell faced healthy economic conditions in US till 2008 but after the crisis due to the recession in US markets the sales revenue was affected by decreased demand. This impact later affected the global revenues as the impact of crisis spread globally to other markets. There are no significant political pressures faced by Dell. Its technological environment is a rapidly changing one where its important to cope up with the advancements. The Industry Environment ÂÂ  The industry environment is composed of bargaining power of customers, supplier power, and threats of the substitute availability, entry barriers and competitive rivalry. Dells industry structure is highly competitive and is explained through Porter 5 force analysis. The Operating Environment The operating e nvironment is made up of competitors, customers, labor, and suppliers. Fir the customers of Dell, it is a quality brand at a good price. Its competitive environment is intense with major brands like HP, Sun and IBM fighting neck to neck globally with Dell with very less price and quality differences. This has raised the effort for Dell to provide its customers with a unique value package that others dont offer. One of such efforts made by Dell is not using Microsofts operating system which other computer brands do, but this is considered a weakness compared to the rest. Other factors where Dell has enabled to manage the lead are: Price for Performance Dells procurement, distribution and manufacturing processes allow the company to offer powerful systems and services at prices better than competitors. Customization Every single order is built according to the individual requirements of the customers as customization is always been an asset for Dell. Service, Support an d Reliability Dells services that are provided directly to the customers have allowed company to give high customer satisfaction before and after the sale. Latest Technology Latest technology is an essence of Dells strategy and this strategy has enabled Dell to stand out among all the competitors who are still relying upon indirect distribution channels. The inventory turnover of Dell is on average of six days which helps in keeping low inventory costs. Porter 5 Forces Model Summing up the External Environment of Dell, it can be said that with the operating system implemented by Dell, which includes its direct selling and build to customer order, Dell has managed to increase its sales each year and is among the top competitors of computer market. Its different approaches have allowed Dell to enter into this highly competitive market in a unique way. Dells sales are increasing dramatically which shows it is moving in the right direction However, threats from market rivalry, intensity of competition and bargaining power of suppliers and buyers is an acute issue and thus requires Dell to keep formulating hard core and sustainable operational and selling strategy in terms of the value it provides to its customers (Byrnes, 2003). Dells Business Level Strategy The market was already much fragmented when Dell entered in 1984 and had reached the maturity limit. At that time, Dell entered with its unique direct selling model which gave it a competitive edge through its low selling price. Dell has always looked to the market trends as an aid for the development of new products as the overall market for IT and related products is influenced by trends. Now customers are more aware and educated about their purchases ad so they want increased customization, portability and durability, creating a constant need for Dell to meet their demands. The competitors are also much efficient in responding to changing trends of market and to any strategy opted to get part of their market share. Thus Dell also needs to take care of this issue of intense market competition. From start till yet, the base of Dells Business Strategy is giving its customers a superior feel in what they are buying by providing them with made to customer order products at low pri ces and fast delivery. This strategy, although tried to be replicated by many others, has enabled Dell to sustain the intense and changing threats from market and be able to increase the scope of its operations from US to almost everywhere globally (Byrnes, 2003). Recommendations for Dell Improve few features in Dells product differentiation strategies. Control RD patents: Dependency on extreme standardization and outsourcing must be reduced. Innovative services must be introduced instead of services based on packages without patents. Affiliate with other players in market to achieve better advantages and compete using combination of huge range of products. Its simple website e-business presence might not be enough. Rethink its Virtual Network by moving from the short term outsourcing in value chain activities to lessen prices to a more appropriate long run effective idea to be better able to meet competitors. Moving from Hardware to Software would be another good option which can allow Dell to start developing proprietary software. Functional Strategies Some functional level recommendations are: Enhance customer experience by making corresponding products available at its website. Another improvement to be made can be of increasing the market share in educational market by exploring ways to generate attention from education markets particularly college students by either using product differentiation through more aggressive sales marketing. (Cuizon, 2009) Dell may use social networking sites for advertising. Conclusion Dell is working in an extremely intense market for personal computers, particularly laptops now. The industry is driven by ever changing consumer needs and demands and thus for companies like Dell, it requires constant effort to keep up with the adaptation so as to satisfy the changing needs of customers. Dell, with the help of its strengths, keeping close eye on weaknesses and investing properly in opportunities while coping with threats from macro-environment can enable itself to position and sustain itself as a significant player in the intensely competitive market.

The Lamb and the Tyger Essay - 1437 Words

The Tyger and The Lamb by William Blake, written in 1794 included both of these poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Song of Experience, takes readers on a journey of faith. Through a cycle of unanswered questions, William Blake motivates the readers to question God. These two poems are meant to be interpreted in a comparison and contrast. They share two different perspectives, those being innocence and experience. To Blake, innocence is not better than experience. Both states have their good and bad sides. The Tyger is basically the negative reciprocal of The Lamb because it challenges God. The main question that Blake is asking in the two poems is that how can the same God make such a vicious animal and also make such†¦show more content†¦The child questions the lamb as to where he came from and asks, â€Å"Little Lamb, who made thee?/ Dost though know who made thee?/† (Blake 1-2) Throughout the poem the speaker continues to argue the lamb about its natur e, as if to repress the lamb’s self worth. When the child receive no answers, he decides that he will tell the lamb where he came from. He says, â€Å"Little Lamb, I’ll tell thee!† (12). Jesus was a child once and the speaker relates saying, â€Å"I a child ump; thou a lamb/ We are called by his name.† ( 17-18), meaning we are all Lambs of God. The child then ends the poem by sending God’s blessings to the lamb. Blake is speaking of what he sees are the positive aspects of the common beliefs of Christianity. However, it is not an accurate picture of the world because there it does not speak about the presence of evil in our world, which is followed by his poem The Tyger. Blake’s The Tyger is the contrast poem to The Lamb. The Tyger is the experience the loss of innocence that The Lamb seems to personify. The poem explores the perfectly beautiful and destructive tyger. According to Thomas Curley,â€Å"The Tyger† included a small painted representation of a four-footed â€Å"symmetrical† animal, The visual and printed symbol of the tiger has an immense complexity of meaning. The tiger signifies more than evil; it also suggests a mysterious, passionate, and violent beauty at odds with the pat, peaceful innocence of its contrar (Curley 1-2).Show MoreRelatedThe Lamb And The Tyger Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesDerrick Warren English 102 Professor. Scott McWaters Research paper (Title later) 11/19/15 (Rough Draft) Research Paper (The Lamb and The Tyger; Creativity) When reading the poem, The Lamb and The Tyger written by William Blake, it was extremely confusing as the reader has no idea what Blake is talking about without doing further research. As the reader begins to research more about the author and the poem itself, the reader will come to find out that the poem was a part of one of William Blake’sRead MoreThe Lamb and The Tyger Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lamb and The Tyger In the poems The Lamb and The Tyger, William Blake uses symbolism, tone, and rhyme to advance the theme that God can create good and bad creatures. The poem The Lamb was in Blakes Songs of Innocence, which was published in 1789. The Tyger, in his Songs of Experience, was published in 1794. In these contrasting poems he shows symbols of what he calls the two contrary states of the human soul (Shilstone 1). In The Lamb, Blake uses the symbol of theRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger By William Blake1330 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous poems from Songs of Innocence and Experience are â€Å"The Lamb and The Tyger†. These poems use animals to attest to God’s role as the Creator, yet they possess contrasting tones and language of the speaker and present conflicting views of God’s power and ability. â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger† called me to ask questions of myself, my beliefs, and how my beliefs shape my worldview. In the first stanza of â€Å"The Lamb†, the speaker asks a lamb who was its creator. The speaker proceeds in the second stanzaRead MoreComparison between the Tyger and the Lamb518 Words   |  2 PagesComparison between the Tyger and the Lamb The Tyger and the Lamb were printed five years apart within two separate collections of poems. The Lamb was within Songs of Innocence (1789), and the Tyger was within Songs of Experience (1794). The two collections came together to be Songs of Innocence and of Experience Showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. This should be viewed as significant because the revised name itself shows the two poems contradictions. The two poems display contrastingRead MoreThe Lamb And The Tyger By William Blake996 Words   |  4 Pagesearth, visible and invisible† (Colossians 1:16). William Blake wrote poems about this very subject. In his twin poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger†, Blake uses different literary techniques such as sound, imagery and symbolism to echo the common theme of creation along with how it is viewed differently. William Blake’s use of sound in his poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger†, enhance the central idea of creation and the question of how one God can create such different creatures. Both poems are similarRead MoreThe Tyger, The Lamb and Lord of the Rings1031 Words   |  4 PagesTo understand â€Å"The Lamb† you must understand â€Å"The Tiger†, and vice versa. These two poems are unbelievably complicated when trying to search for a real deeper meaning. There is an immense amount of symbolism used throughout both poems, and many different things can be taken away about the author’s thoughts religion, nature, and the battle between good and evil in one’s mind. In the novel, The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R Tolkien, there is seemingly a lot left up in the air about religion and the symbolismRead MoreThe Tyger And The Lamb By William Blake991 Words   |  4 Pages object, and event that has ever existed may have had bad effects in one situation, but good effects for another situation. And every human, by extension, has aspects about them that can be viewed as both good and evil. In his poems, â€Å"The Tyger† and, â€Å"The Lamb†, author William Blake explores the ideas of duality, and how each thing must have an equal opposite. He uses both these poems to further ruminate on this dichotomy and brings up many questions in the context of religion. He seeks to pointRead MoreComparison of Two Poems: the Tyger and the Lamb844 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to do the comparison between ‘The Tyger’ and ‘The Lamb’ because they both have similar themes but are concerned with very different aspects of life. ‘The Tyger’ concentrates on the dangers to be faced in life and nature while ‘The Lamb’ celebrates nature as seen through the innocent eyes of a child. Blake examines different, almost opposite or contradictory ideas about the natural world, its cre atures and their Creator. William Blake is the narrator of both poems which emphasizes hisRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Lamb And The Tyger1493 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† respectively taken from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, demonstrate Blake’s meditation on how innocence and experience in life create a binary and complementary relationship that is observable in our outer world as well as in our inner being. As one of the titles in his Songs of Innocence, William Blake chooses the lamb, naturally gentle and docile, as a representative of the concept of innocence. In Blake’s poem, a child shepherd addresses the lamb, identifyingRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger And The Lamb 940 Words   |  4 Pagessoul. Undoubtedly, William Blake was indeed one of those monumental writers who paved the way for new thinking. A thinking of the human soul and two intricate parts that join to fulfill a soul. Both pairs of the soul are illustrated in both The Tyger and The Lamb. Both poems being commonly referred to as staples of poetry, can allude to different ideas. Man believe they deal with the questions such as, ‘who is the creator?’ and ‘why did he create us?’ Rather I believe that while yes those are key thoughts

Attachment †Word Count 1466 Free Essays

Word count 1466 Introduction: Attachment theory can be useful to highlight core and basic human needs for social interaction and proximity to others. Used as a model of human development, it can help us consider how relationships between infants and their caregivers forge and underpin the development of fundamental areas of our lives; our self beliefs and constructs of the world around us; of ourselves and expectations of others; our abilities to self regulate our emotions and feelings; our sense of curiosity, motivation and confidence to explore and learn and how we are able to relate to others and tasks/activities. In this paper I will firstly be discussing the major theorises of attachment these being John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. We will write a custom essay sample on Attachment – Word Count 1466 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly I will explain how attachment informs in social work. ‘Among the most significant developments of psychiatry during the past quarter of a century has been the steady growth of evidence that the quality of parental care which a child receives in his earliest years is of vital importance to his future mental health’ (Bowlby. J. p11. 953) Attachment is an emotional relationship that involves comfort care and contentment. The roots of attachment were thought to be from Freuds theory’s about love, however John Bowlby is accredited with being the fore father of attachment theory. Bowlby shared the psychoanalytic view that early experiences in childhood have a major influence on development and behaviour later in life. Our early attachment styles are established in childhood through the infant/caregiver relationship. Kennhell and Klaus said that sometime attachment is confused with the natural bonding process that takes place between mother and child, and we should be careful not to mix these too up. Bowlby believed that attachment begins in infancy and carries on throughout life, resulting in several behavioural systems that are required for survival and reproduction. Bowlby suggested that there are four central characteristics of attachment; these are proximity maintenance, this is when the child strives to stay close to the care giver enabling the child to stay safe. Safe haven, this is when the child feel scared or afraid turning to the caregiver for support and comfort. Secure base, this is when the caregiver gives the child a protected place to discover the world from. Separation distress this is when the child get upset or distressed when it is absent from the caregiver. Bowlby suggested that attachment was an element of selected relationships throughout the lifespan, even though most of his research focused on infancy. Mary Ainsworth created a method called the strange situation. The method that Ainsworth had created was to examine that bond between the care giver and the child. The method is to examine the child playing for approximately twenty minutes while the care giver and the person who is unknown to the child enters and exit the room. This method creates a familiar and unfamiliar situation for the child. For some children this type of situation can be very stressful. The case of ‘Genie’ was an extreme example of a child that had no attachment or social contact resulting in her being a feral child. She was unable to talk dress herself or toilet herself, when support was implemented within a few days progress was seen to be made, showing that even though no attachment had been made the child was still able to learn new behaviours. A striking example of adult attachment to a parent is the comment made by a 40 year old lady who had lost her mother; I never realised, until she was gone, how much my own sense of confidence depended on knowing that if I ran into trouble I could always turn to her for help and advice. Goldberg 2000 p10)in my own experience of working with adult services, I gained an understanding of how separation could have affected an elderly couple’s health. After 60 years of marriage social services where call in to assess their situation as they where no longer able to cope due to the fact the wife had senile dementia. Initially the was talk of them being home together however a standard care home would not have met the need of the wife, a nursing home was needed for her. This was seen as being detrimental to both their health due to separation. Therefore, it was seen to be better to provide them with support in their own home. In conclusion children who are securely attached tend to have trusting, long-term relationships in their adulthood. As adults and being securely attached, these same individuals have a great understanding and perspective on important relationships in their lives. They demonstrate a forgiving attitude toward their mate and tend to show compassion for others. They tend to speak of how their past experiences have influenced their present feelings and relationships. References Bowlby, J. (1953) Childcare and the growth of maternal love. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Feeney,J. Noller,P. (1996) Adult Attachment. London: sage publications. Goldberg, S. (2000) Attachment and Development. London: Arnold publishers. Howe,D. (1995) Attachment theory for social work practice. London: Macmillan press. Smith, Cowie, Blades. online. ‘The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Understanding Children’s Development’. York College: Homepage, (http://www. ycc. ac. uk/yc/new/HUMSOC/psycho/unit1/adultatt. htm), (5 December 2008) How to cite Attachment – Word Count 1466, Essay examples

Deductive Versus Inductive free essay sample

An example of a classic valid argument would have the components of a subject and a predicate. An example of it would be in the form of: My pet Scarlett fetches the stick (premise), Dog’s fetch sticks (premise), My pet is a dog who fetches a stick (conclusion). In the case of Modus Ponens, will affirming the antecedent where Modus Tollens denies the consequent in the argument. An example of Modus Ponens is; If Tiffany is pregnant, she must be a woman. Tiffany will become a mother, so than Tiffany is a woman. The example of Modus Tollens; If Harley is mother, she is woman, however if Harley is not a women but a man, than Harley cannot be a mother. When moving into the Disjunctive Syllogism the use of denying the disjunctive that is the statement of the argument. Mumie is neither a firefighter nor paramedic. One thing we know is Mumie is not a paramedic. We will write a custom essay sample on Deductive Versus Inductive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, Mumie is a firefighter. In a Hypothetical Syllogism is the first premise of a major proposition which can shows uncertain condition such as (if A, then B) or (either A or B; S and T cannot both be true). Therefore by doing this it can be properly resolved in a second premise so that a valid conclusion. Therefore, the resolution of the problem will always in the form of affirmation or denial argument. An example of it would be; Cindy went to the beach, she got sun- burned. However, she was not sunburned, so she must not have gone to the beach. Now moving into Conjunction, Simplification, and Addition, Conjunction is using the premise of this syllogism with two propositions, called conjuncts, and are presented, both of which cannot be true simultaneously. A cannot be both B and C, so A is B; therefore A is not C and with this premise proceeds with affirm the true conjunct and the conclusion then denies the remaining one or which must be false by definition. An example of this would be I cannot do my final paper and go out with my friends; and I must finish my final paper, so I cannot go out with my friends. Simplification is a premise (conjunctive) and often uses simplification in longer arguments It is usually straightforward, A and B implies B and A, one form of the argument can be used to derive the other. An example is: It is snowing and flurrying, therefore it is snowing. The final one is Addition, which a simple form of a valid argument which has one premise( A) and one unrelated proposition (B), A or B is true or A and B are true. The example of this would be; Joseph is a man, in this case, Joseph is a man, and the man is Joseph which both of these are true. The difference between deductive and inductive arguments deductive is an argument whose premises are claimed to provide conclusive evidence for the truth of its conclusion. An inductive argument that establish the truth of the it’s conclusion as probable or probably true. Therefore, informally at least, an inductive argument claims its conclusion follows with some degree of probability. Then analogy can be defined as a form of reasoning in which a similarity between two or more things is inferred from a known similarity between them in other respects. Therefore and example for the second part of the assignment would be as follows a inductive: All throughout history people repeat the same mistakes, so we can conclude that mistakes will be made in the future. This is a simple inductive reason with an absolute certain. Jenny is a woman. Jenny is 95 years old. Jenny cannot run a marathon. The premises Jenny could have older illness like arthritis or may be possible be in a wheelchair due to age and is unable to run a marathon. References Pojman, L. P. (2006) Philosophy: The pursuit of wisdom, (5th ed. ). Stamford, CT: Thomson-Wadsworth Retrieved on January 20, 2011

Electoral College System Essays - Electoral College,

Electoral College System The electoral college system is one which is criticized often. In most of the countries in the world their leader is chosen by popular vote. This was true even in communist countries, although many times only one candidate runs sometime. This system of popular vote is not used in the United States, the country that is supposed to be the most democratic. The Electoral College, the constitutional system for the election of the president and vice president of the United States. It is the collective name for a group of electors, nominated by political parties within the states and popularly elected, who meet to vote for those two offices. Each party within a state selects a slate of electors numerically equal to the state's congressional delegation. The electors normally pledge to vote for the nominees of their party, but they are not constitutionally required to do so. When the American people vote for president and vice president, they are actually voting for slates of electors pledged to their candidates. Because the electors usually are chosen at large, the electoral vote of each state is cast as a unit, and the victorious presidential and vice presidential nominees in each state win the state's entire electoral vote. The candidates receiving a majority of the total electoral vote in the United States are elected. The electoral college system was established in ArticleII, section I, of the U. S. Constitution and has been modified mainly by the 12th Amendment. Numerous plans have been proposed for eliminating or altering the electoral college, including direct election of the president and vice president by popular vote. It extremely ironic that the what is supposed to be the most democratic government in the world, does not choose a president according to what the majority of the people want. The electoral college system generally gives all of a state's electoral votes to the winner in that state, no matter how slim the margin. Thus it has happened that candidates have been elected even though they received fewer popular votes than their opponents. Both Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, and Benjamin Harrison, in 1888, were elected in this manner. In the case of Hayes, a special electoral commission was called in 1877 to decide the contested returns. John Quincy Adams also received fewer popular votes than his opponent, Andrew Jackson, in the election of 1824, but his election was decided by the House of Representatives because Jackson failed to win a majority of electoral college votes. On several occasions the popular vote pluralities of the electoral college victors have been razor thin or even questionable. One instance was the election of John F. Kennedy over Richard M. Nixon in 1960. The feature of the electoral college most prone to attack is the requirement that the election go into the House of Representatives to determine the president and into the senate to determine the vice-president if the electoral college fails to reach a majority. There might be a paralyzing delay in determining the victors, and the president-elect and vice president-elect could be members of opposing political parties. The House was called upon to elect a president in the cases of Jefferson and John Quincy Adams, and the Senate chose Richard M. Johnson as vice president after the election of 1836. The possibility of this happening again remains very much alive. Should a third-party candidate carry enough states to prevent an electoral vote majority for any candidate, the House, voting by state delegation, might be prevented from reaching an absolute majority. Pledged electors generally have been regarded as legally free to cast their votes as they choose, and there have been cases of defection from pledged positions. No such deviation has had a clear effect on an election result, but the possibility raises an additional objection to the electoral college. In 1820 a New Hampshire elector voted for John Quincy Adams instead of James Monroe; in 1956 an Alabama elector voted for a circuit judge instead of Adlai E. Stevenson; in 1960 an Oklahoma elector pledged to Richard Nixon voted instead for Harry F. Byrd; in 1968 a North Carolina elector defected from Nixon to George C. Wallace; and in 1988 a West Virginia elector voted for Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr. instead of Michael S. Dukakis. Because of this I will shown that the following, although improbable example is possble to happen. If every single voter in the country unanimously chose "candidate A" for president, the electors pledged to him still may rally against him and vote for the other

The pardoners prologue Essay Example

The pardoners prologue Essay Example The pardoners prologue Essay The pardoners prologue Essay Pardoners greed is emphasised throughout the whole prologue and tale his sermons revolve around the latin biblical phrase radix malorum est cupiditas (greed is the root of all evil) yet openly admits to preaching for nothyng but for coveityse portrays him as a hypocritical character as he is not putting what he preaches into practice.During medieval times, religion was a way of life life after death/salvation was more important than life on earth and therefore repenting sins was a way to ensure you went to heaven pardoner is playing on his audiences weakness/fear for his benefit shows him as immoral and weak. openly admits that he rekke nevere/than whan they have been beryed, though that hir soules goon-a-blackberyed! negative imagery proves his lack of compassion Openly admits he is guilty of avarice (which was one of the 7 deadly sins ironic and hypocritical seeing as hes a preacher and preaches ABOUT gluttony?)I preche of no thyng but for coveityse (x2) myn entente is nat but for to wynn and /no thyng for the correcicioun of synneGeneral prologue description of him I trowe he were a geldyng or a mare referred to as a eunuch (castrated man) this combined with the description of him riding with the summoner who bar to hym a stif bourdon carries the connotations of a weak and possibly homosexual man?riticism: pardoner is parasite of parasites and merely a vehicle for the substantial embodiment of the churchs abusement pardoner is a 2D character constructed to highlight the medieval church as greedy, weak and hypocritical. Greed, weakness and hypocrisy are all key attributes to the pardoners prologue and tale. In the medieval times, greed, a form of gluttony, was one the seven deadly sins and would ultimately lead to a lifetime in Hell. Religion was extremely prominent during the medieval period and was infiltrated into every aspect of life.Therefore, it was easy for corrupt churchmen, such as the Pardoner, to play on the weaknesses and fear of the pilgrims to feed their own greed. The prologue and the tale that the Pardoner tells highlights his lack of redeeming virtues, as well as the characters in the exemplum novelle he narrates. Although it can be argued that his tale does present some characters to have positive qualities, such as the old man, they are constructed in such a way to stress the lack of redeeming qualities of the other characters.This essay will consider the lack of redeeming qualities in human nature, and will dispute this with the characters who do seem to possess positive virtues. The pardoners boastful tone in the prologue seems to suggest that he takes pride in his lack of redeeming virtues as it ultimately fuels his comfortable lifestyle. His greed is established from the onset as the general prologue informs the reader that the pardoner tricks pilgrims into buying relics they believe are the sayle that saint peter hadde or our lady veyl when in reality, they are merely nothing more than pigges bones.Thus, the pardoner is portrayed as greedy from the beginning, and this is continually emphasised throughout the prologue and tale. His sermons are constructed around the Latin biblical phrase radix malorum est cupiditas which translated, means the love of money is the root of all evil. This depicts the pardoner as massively ironic as well as hypocritical, as he openly admits to preaching for nothing but for coveityse; a phrase repeated twice in the prologue to accentuate his greed and is reinforced by for myn entente is nat but for to wynne and no thyng for the correcioun of synne.Chaucer has represented human nature to lack any redeeming virtues through the pardoner, as he does not put into practice what he so regularly preaches to pilgrims. As previously mentioned, religion was fundamental in medieval lifestyle, and ensuring the route to salvation seemed more important than life on Earth. To ensure salvation, it was crucial to repent for any sins that you may be guilty of. In this sense, the pardoner can be seen as lacking any redeeming virtues as he uses this to bribe money out of innocent pilgrims.Chaucher uses distressing imagery to emphasise the depths of the pardoners greed, stating that he will noon of the apostles countrefete and will even take money from the povereste wydwe in village to fund his lavish lifestyle. In addition to this, he candidly states that he rekke never of the pilgrims once they have died, for his only interest is taking their money and not their eternal souls, in which he admits whan that they are beryed, hi r soules goon-a-blackberyed!. This further illustrates his lack of compassion and his greedy, hypocritical character, corresponding with the statement that human nature lack any redeeming virtues and are greedy, weak and hypocritical. The pardoner openly admits throughout the prologue and tale that he is guilty of avarice: one of the seven deadly sins. This is massively ironic on many levels as firstly, he is a member of the church and therefore should be learned in all sins, knowing not to commit any.Secondly, he preaches about this very sin to his congregation whilst committing it himself on a daily basis through the sale of fake relics. Critics, such as Linda Georgianna, have argued that the pardoner is merely a substantial vehicle for the embodiment of the churchs abusement, drawing parallels with other critics, who argue that the pardoner is the parasite of all parasites; Chaucer may have constructed the pardoner as a veiled criticism of the medieval church, highlighting the co rrupt nature of its workings and the papacy as greedy, weak and hypocritical.This view can be supported by the description of the pardoner in the general prologue. Spearing notes that the pardoners repellent outer appearance reflects his inner corruption. He is referenced to a eunuch, being described as a geldyng or a mare carrying connotations of a possible homosexual relationship with the summoner whom he rode with, who bar to hym a stiff burdoun.This idea of homosexuality can be construed as a criticism of the church as homosexuality was forbidden in medieval times, therefore to let members of the church be homosexual shows the lack of interest, or carelessness, to who they allow to do Gods work. The three rioters are perceived as sinful from the onset as they are described as being in a tavern drinking and blaspheming immediately guilty of committing two of the seven deadly sins. They can be described as a walking embodiment of sin, as they are not named and therefore are not given specific identities.They encompass the theme of hypocrisy as they stress their united brotherhood by incessantly regarding one another as bretheren who are out to find and kill the false traytour death; ironic as later on they will become false traitors themselves, plotting against and killing each other due to their greed. The novelle in which the pardoner uses in his sermon to illustrate how sinning ultimately leads to death portrays human nature to lack any redeeming virtues and illustrates people as being greedy, weak and hypocritical.Despite the majority of the prologue proving that human nature lacks any redeeming virtues through the construction of the pardoner and the three rioters, it can be argued that there are particular elements in both the prologue and tale to contradict this statement. The old man in the novelle of the three rioters that the pardoner tells is used to signify the positive and holy element of the tale. This is shown through the direct contrast bet ween him and the three rioters, who can be presented as the anti-trinity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.When the old man speaks to the rioters, he explains how he wishes to die, calling it a grace a distinct contrast between the men who call death a traytour, and how he has walked the Earth for many years as a resteless kaityf waiting for Mother Nature to take him. This could suggest that he has been true to his religion throughout his life, never committing sins and therefore has not been punished by death at an early age, unlike the rioters who revel in sin and are killed relatively quickly.The contrast between the old man wanting to die, and the three young men looking to kill death, can suggest the difference in wisdom; the old man knows that his route to salvation is clear and is not afraid to pass over into Heaven, whereas the three young men who regularly sin are looking to kill death themselves to avoid going to Hell, instead of repenting for their sins. This su ggests an underlying weakness of the three rioters. Although the old man may be seen as wanting to find Death, some critics argue that the old man is actually the personification of death, and therefore cannot die.Instead, he is constructed to give the three rioters the option to find death up the croked way, in which they will find eighte bushels of floryns fyn of gold, give into their weaknesses, leading to death and portraying human nature to lack any redeeming virtues. Therefore, it is sufficient to say that the pardoners prologue and tale does indeed show human nature to lack redeeming virtues, and that greed, weakness and hypocrisy are clearly illustrated through the construction of the characters.

Credit crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Credit crunch - Essay Example At this point, credit rationing takes place. In most times, a credit crunch is followed by a shift to quality by the lenders and owners of capital as they look out for investments which are less risky normally at the expense of the medium and small sized enterprises (Hull 2). The credit crunch has had an influence on small and medium sized business in various adverse ways. Despite its significant and largely powerful impact, the credit crunch might not be the sole reason for the inadequate success of some selected small and medium sized business enterprises. The growth of the credit crisis will also be taken into consideration as it is crucial in evaluating the way and the manner in which it has influenced the small and medium sized businesses in the dimension it has. As the credit crunch is a very much late feature in the current economy, its growth is frequently varying. Nevertheless, its growth since its inception in the global perspective has been put into consideration. The world economic crunch which started in 2007 was perhaps the most phenomenon shock to ever affect the economy of the United Kingdom to be ever remembered. Ever since the onset of this predicament, so much has taken place that might initially have been assumed to be impossible: The implicit nationalization of two of the largest banks in UK, a state deficit which came in double digits, a depressing grading on the AAA credit rating of the UK, a decline in Bank of England’s base rate which went down to 150 basic points lower than its previous all time low and a programme quantitative easing of  £ 200,000 (Heine 27). These phenomenon occurrences have called for essential reforms of the conventional evaluation of the UK economy. As it is a contemporary feature in the current economy it is frequently growing and thus regularly having an impact on all forms of business including small and medium sized enterprises. Small

Recent Writing on Marriage Has Explored the Notion of Sacrament in Essay

Recent Writing on Marriage Has Explored the Notion of Sacrament in Relation to Marriage - Essay Example The sacrament of marriage depends on the graceful acts associated with it. This may be in the will of god or the will of the Holy Spirit. Marriage can be viewed as an institution or experience depending on the description given with reference to it. All the same, the church considers man and woman mutually in a relationship as per the will of God. The description of this may also vary with time and civilisation which influences legislation and action of man. The way in which the Christians viewed Christ’s perfection became applicable in cases involving marriage of baptised individuals. This brought the spirituality of these couples was kept away from any blemish acts instead of a sacrament becoming the full realisation of it as the nature of the marriage. Marriage has been viewed by Christians as a sacrament of vocation. The structure of the Christian matrimonial bed defines the identity of marriage as a sacrament. The sacrament takes place as convenient to the convent involvi ng God and revealing the salvation mysteries. The love in a woman man relationship, in accordance to the needs of the Holy Spirit defines the sacrament. Marriage was traditionally viewed to be a contract based institution contrary to the Christian view of marriage as a sacrament. In this context, it was meant to gain mutual rights and possession of partners. In the contract, and sacrament identity of a marriage, relationship became apparent as various people made descriptions of the same (Carlo 76). In the view of marriage as an institution, the husbands view their spouses and the relationship separate from the sacrament of marriage. The end of marriage becomes the end aim of marriage as it comes in the subsequent marriage generations. There was a turning point in the Vatican council that described the marriage as a structure where man and woman receiving from one another as established by the creator. Laws regulating how they carry themselves are in a manner that the partnership is rooted in agreement of both parties in the biblical terms. The sacrament of marriage can also be viewed as a consecration which reflects God's love for man the matter of sacrament was to be found in a mutual understanding made between the two in the relationship. The priest took part in qualifying the partners in the sixteenth century, which, however, was described by Cano that it recognised marriage as a contract. But the priest becomes the minister of the sacrament and gave priestly blessings. In this way, the marriage in Christianity religion get a description from the book of John that describes the spirit calling whoever feels thirsty to take the water of life. The Holy Spirit cannot be seen, and the sacred silence, therefore, should be kept by conjugal community for them to receive the language of the Holy Spirit through praying. They intern get the gift of sacrament and life as a true spiritual generation of marriage The idea of marriage has been conceptualised by the church as being natural. Those who do their marriage in the church do it before God just like he constituted the marriage between Adam and eve at the beginning of creation. Humans, however, have taken control of various events in marriage such as reproduction, which has been manipulated by science. Humans are expected to rep[reduce in the most effective manner thereby passing their genes to the subsequent generations. the mating process has been intervened by human events. biological

Rawls Theory of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rawls Theory of Justice - Essay Example Furthermore, in the theory of justice Rawls attempts to resolve the utilitarian and deontological approach to ethics by arguing with the Kantian social contract model. However, Rawls recognized that the justice as fairness is based in the Kant's notion of autonomy. Rawls goes further and explain theory of justice as the original position principle where the justice based in the veiled ignorance, according to Rawls "no one knows his place in society his class position or social status" (Rawls, 1999 (ed), p.118). In the theory of justice Rawls support the element of the Kantian social contract philosophy, Rawls does agree with Kant's ideal of cosmopolitan constitution in term of cosmopolitan theory of justice. This essay will answer the question by critically evaluate Rawls' theory in relation to the cosmopolitan theory of justice, first of all I have to evaluate the core elements of Rawls' theory of justice and than I have to analyses these elements with leading to the cosmopolitan justice theory ( Rawls, translated by Michelle kosch 2007). In the theory of justice Rawls consider the liberty and the different principle which it change of the classical model of the social contract by explain the social inequality within a distributive veil of ignorance. Rawls in the veal of ignorance tries to explain that the individual in the society have a system of equality. Accordingly, Rawls says that each person have an equal right to the most general proposal of equal basic liberties compatible with similar rights of liberties of others (Rawls, 1999 (ed) p.53). Moreover, these basic principles are absolute and cannot be violated, an example of these right freedom from arbitrary arrest and the freedom of speech (Rawls, 1999 (ed), p.53). However, Kant's theory of social contract is based by his emphasis of innate morality, Rawls acknowledge difference and social inequality as compatible within the "justice" paradigm. For example in the term of the inequality distribution Rawls says that inequality is only acceptable in the theory of justice under the second principle. This undermines the Kantian ideas of the cosmopolitan system of justice which based in an innate moral propensity towards democracy as a result of the human intellectual independence. In theory of the rationale for being human Kant's suggests that it is the interrelationship between intellectual independence and morality this considers be that is central to concepts of democracy. In this point, there will be social inequality, Rawls goes further to justify this in his theory of justice model on the grounds that the social differences are acceptable if they are the maximum benefits to the least advantaged members of the society (Rawls, 1999, (eds) p.84) . Rawls goes further and suggests that there can be unequal basic rights in proof of fixed natural characteristics. According to Rawls " if say, men are favoured in the assignment of basic rights, this inequality is justified by the difference principle.only if it is to the advantage of women and acceptable from their standpoint"(Rawls, 1999, (eds) (p.85). However, the difference principle makes it clear that Rawls denouncement of the cosmopolitan justice principle, his argument appears to be inherently flawed in effectively sanctioning discrimination on subjective grounds. Furthermore, there is

Muckrakers in US Politics and Journalism

Muckrakers in US Politics and Journalism Janet Hopkins By definition Muckrakers was the name given to US journalists and other writers who exposed corruption in politics and business in the early 20th century. The term was first used by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Typically these journalists Muckrakers attacked established institutions, businesses, and leaders. In modern day it would be called investigative journalism. It is said that muckrakers and their intrepid reporting style had opened the eyes of many readers to the unknown harsh side of industrial capitalism. (Perry, 2004) Muckrakers were to some named heroes. (It may be a clichà ©, but it was all too true for journalists at the turn of the century. The print revolution enabled publications to increase their subscriptions dramatically. What appeared in print was now more powerful than ever. Writing to Congress in hopes of correcting abuses was slow and often produced zero results. Publishing a series of articles had a much more immediate impact. Collectively called MUCKRAKERS, a brave cadre of reporters exposed injustices so grave they made the blood of the average American run cold.) (unknown, 2008-2016) Muckrakers effected business and politics in ways no one could have imagined. They wrote stories and investigated to blow the top off what some would call scandals and secrets. They called out people and businesses for fraud and corruption. (The first to strike was Lincoln Steffens. In 1902, he published an article in MCCLURES magazine called TWEED DAYS IN ST. LOUIS. Steffens exposed how city officials worked in league with big business to maintain power while corrupting the public treasury. ) (unknown, 2008-2016) After the publication from Lincoln Steffens more and more journalists published articles and even a book to follow. Soon public outcry demanded reform of city government and gave strength to the progressive ideas of a city commission or city manager system. (unknown, 2008-2016) There is one Muckraker that stands out from the others due to the stir he made with his publication THE JUNGLE. Upton Sinclair, an avowed socialist who hoped to illustrate the horrible effects of capitalism on the workers in the Chicago meatpacking industry. (unknown, 2008-2016) (The book detailed workers sacrificing their fingers and nails by working with acid, losing limbs, catching diseases, and toiling long hours in cold, cramped conditions. He hoped the public outcry would be so fierce that reforms would soon follow.) (unknown, 2008-2016) (Sinclair also uncovered the contents of the products being sold to the general public. Spoiled meat was covered with chemicals to hide the smell. Skin, hair, stomach, ears, and nose were ground up and packaged as head cheese. Rats climbed over warehouse meat, leaving piles of excrement behind. Sinclair said that he aimed for Americas heart and instead hit its stomach. Even President Roosevelt, who coined the derisive term muckraker, was propel led to act. Within months, Congress passed the PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT and the MEAT INSPECTION ACT to curb these sickening abuses.) (unknown, 2008-2016) As you can imagine this affected businesses, politics, and citizens in a negative way. By the time the muckrakers were through, no one could doubt the reality of corruption between business and government was a historical fact. Not a single person could doubt the terrible consequences of this system for human lives in a time of untrammeled corporate greed. (Oppenheimer, 2017) The Muckrakers goal was to uncover such things as bribery, political corruption, fraud, and anything wrong with the government. Things the people of these cities should be aware of or know about that are kept secret by our leader or people in a seat of power. Muckrakers targeted many turn-of-the-century injustices brought on by the large increase of immigrants, the rapid growth of the cities, unregulated big business and the influence of political machines, as well as many other social problems. (Click, 2003-2017) The muckrakers exposed corruption in business, including unfair trusts, insurance fraud and dangers of patent medicines, were exposed. Muckrakers also criticized abuses of power in politics and government. (Click, 2003-2017) In most cases, muckraking articles took on a very serious nature. Magazine editors would often go to great lengths to check the facts as they were reported in their publications. Some muckrakers even lived in the slums they wrote about or worked in the factories they investigated. The factual nature of the muckrakers articles leant credibility to the message the authors were sending to the American readers. (Click, 2003-2017) Muckrakers are still around today you really just dont here that term too much. In the progressive era muckrakers exposed so much and did what they could to inform the people of America. We still see that today on news channels, in papers, even on social media such as Facebook. Just this past election things were exposed like scandals, and fake votes or votes being changed. We see and hear it all around us. That is why these people weather called muckrakers or just investigative journalists are sometimes named heroes. People of America need to know the truth about stuff. We need to know the corrupt horrids of our society so we can be cautious. If it wasnt for them we would all be blind to things around us. References Click, L. (2003-2017). The Muckrakers of the Progressive Era: Definition and Influence. Retrieved from study.com: http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-muckrakers-of-the-progressive-era-definition-and-influence.html Oppenheimer, M. (2017). The Rise and Fall of the Muckrakers. Retrieved from New Politics: http://newpol.org/content/rise-and-fall-muckrakers Perry, E. L. (2004). Exposes and excess: Muckraking in america, 1900/2000. Retrieved from proquest: https://search.proquest.com/docview/205353999?accountid=10435 unknown. (2008-2016). muckrakers. Retrieved from us history: http://www.ushistory.org/us/42b.asp

Updikes Rabbit Essay -- Updike Rabbit Run

Updike's Rabbit As the gap between homo sapiens and their uncivilized ancestors widens, reproduction looses its value as the most important means to continuing the species. For humanity to progress in an increasingly modern and complex world, men must be required to think of themselves in broader terms. Rabbit Angstrom cannot understand that he could find meaning in life if he devalued the importance he places on sex. He is unable to accept the realities of life in twentieth century America and the role he must accept. He runs from his responsibilities, despite the harm this causes many people. By not accepting the changing nature of life for what it is, Rabbit’s life is devoid of meaning. The message John Updike hopes his reader will receive from Rabbit, Run, is that society would move in a positive direction if men like Rabbit accept the responsibility they have towards others. Updike understands that society is structured in such a way. Men are not required to marry or have children, but must be good husbands and fathers if they do, for humanity to progress as a whole. Rabbit â€Å"dislikes manipulation† and views these inherent facts about life as societal constrictions which deny him his freedom (17). His position as a privileged male allows him to feel â€Å"the world owes him what he wants† and thus is not compelled to provide for his family (153). For Rabbit, life feels like a â€Å"series of grotesque poses assumed to no purpose†(198). He justify’s leaving his family because it is simply what he wants to do, and shows no remorse that this will cause damage to his family. â€Å"If you have the guts to be yourself other people will pay the price† (149). As the plot continues it becomes increasingly apparent that Rabbit will never... ...ompassion for others. Updike intended Rabbit, Run to get people, especially men who live like Rabbit, to understand life on a deeper level. Men have been dominant for so long that it is hard for many of them to understand the duty they have to help humanity. Rabbit has promise but can find no reason, even the death of his daughter, to change. God â€Å"gives to each of us special talents, So: know thyself, learn to understand your talents and then work to develop them, that’s the way to be happy† (10). Thus Rabbit is one of the greatest obstacles which stands in the way of social advancement, because he does not realize the contribution he could make. His selfishness blinds him to the harm does cause, or the good he could cause, if he came to a deeper understanding of himself, and men’s role in society. â€Å"Isn’t that the whole secret, to come to grips† with life (53). Updike's Rabbit Essay -- Updike Rabbit Run Updike's Rabbit As the gap between homo sapiens and their uncivilized ancestors widens, reproduction looses its value as the most important means to continuing the species. For humanity to progress in an increasingly modern and complex world, men must be required to think of themselves in broader terms. Rabbit Angstrom cannot understand that he could find meaning in life if he devalued the importance he places on sex. He is unable to accept the realities of life in twentieth century America and the role he must accept. He runs from his responsibilities, despite the harm this causes many people. By not accepting the changing nature of life for what it is, Rabbit’s life is devoid of meaning. The message John Updike hopes his reader will receive from Rabbit, Run, is that society would move in a positive direction if men like Rabbit accept the responsibility they have towards others. Updike understands that society is structured in such a way. Men are not required to marry or have children, but must be good husbands and fathers if they do, for humanity to progress as a whole. Rabbit â€Å"dislikes manipulation† and views these inherent facts about life as societal constrictions which deny him his freedom (17). His position as a privileged male allows him to feel â€Å"the world owes him what he wants† and thus is not compelled to provide for his family (153). For Rabbit, life feels like a â€Å"series of grotesque poses assumed to no purpose†(198). He justify’s leaving his family because it is simply what he wants to do, and shows no remorse that this will cause damage to his family. â€Å"If you have the guts to be yourself other people will pay the price† (149). As the plot continues it becomes increasingly apparent that Rabbit will never... ...ompassion for others. Updike intended Rabbit, Run to get people, especially men who live like Rabbit, to understand life on a deeper level. Men have been dominant for so long that it is hard for many of them to understand the duty they have to help humanity. Rabbit has promise but can find no reason, even the death of his daughter, to change. God â€Å"gives to each of us special talents, So: know thyself, learn to understand your talents and then work to develop them, that’s the way to be happy† (10). Thus Rabbit is one of the greatest obstacles which stands in the way of social advancement, because he does not realize the contribution he could make. His selfishness blinds him to the harm does cause, or the good he could cause, if he came to a deeper understanding of himself, and men’s role in society. â€Å"Isn’t that the whole secret, to come to grips† with life (53).

Participating In Team Sports Helps to Develop Good Character

Participating in team sports helps to develop good character because sports involve team work, gaining of social experiences and helps relieve stress. Being on a sport team creates the opportunity to gain meaning full insight into one's self. This is the time to gauge reactions and learn appropriate responses to difficult situations. Athletes learn not to become defeated by a loss, but to dig in and believe they can win even when the score board says otherwise. It teaches each individual to stay balanced, the up and down of sport teaches athletes to stay on the axis and avoid circular emotions.When one takes a good look at the variety of benefits available to those who participate competitively in sports, one cannot help but see how comprehensive they are in the development of a well-rounded individual. I know of nowhere else that a person has the opportunity to gain so much, both on the inside and out, all from one place. Today, a significant number of people agree that, engaging in team sports help to develop good character, they have so many evidences to prove that. They frankly believe that, sports involve team work, gaining of social experiences and aid to relieve stress.Team work is very versatile character idiosyncrasy. It can be used in many parts of life, from sports to the workplace. Even team sport also encourages people to work with others, as they try to reach for the same goal. Team sports help to build character because they teach people discipline, how to work in a group and how to have the good sportsmanship. Character is developed through social activities such as sports. Sports injuries among youth sports organization may be a compelling argument, but studies shows that youth sports is a good form of psychology for children’s’ mind and body development, which leads to a healthier adulthood.Schools need to emphasize to a greater length to get children in sports at school, because most children go out and play in organized sports that take away time from their studies, because of the fact organized sports can also create demands and expectations that exceed the readiness and capabilities of young participants. Many professional athletes today played in high school sports along with organized sports to develop more skill for the game and to stay out of trouble with the law. Playing organized sports do have benefits also have consequences.Coaches push children to start lifting weights at a young age to develop strength this may cause a stun in growth, others are risk of injury like in baseball young pitchers can hurt their arms, how many pitchers should a youth athlete do, to many could damage the arm, where do coaches and leagues draw the line well in League Little eleven to twelve year olds cannot exceed 85 pitches a day. â€Å"The necessary commitment and intensity of training in some youth sports programs raise concerns about the sensibility and safety of high level athletics for any young athlete.Is impo rtant to avoid potential serious risk or injury, and make sure youth athletes not to excess training and competition† (American Academy of Pediatrics). Sports do build character in children starting at the right age many children can get ready for life, such values as these. One: Helps a child’s overall physical development. Two: Gives the child the opportunity to become familiar with his or her body and to learn the body’s need and limits. Three: Social interaction with their peers. Four: Teaches teamwork, cooperation and to follow the rules.Five: Gives parents the opportunity of offering the child unqualified support in playing sports. Six: Helps the child learn for him/herself if winning or losing is important. Seven: Helps the child gain acceptance and credibility among his or peers. These values were in a popular book for coaches who want to learn more about youth sports. Children gain plenty of self-esteem through playing sports. Self-esteem has been define d as the â€Å"level of global regard one has for the self† (Harter, 1993). For reasons like exercising helps self-esteem issues people feel better, look better, and less risk of injury. An attempt to investigate the possible benefits of exercise, researchers has asked whether exercise activity might be related to self-esteem and to body satisfaction. Indeed, body satisfaction might mediate any relationship between exercise activity and self- esteem (Vealey, 1992). Many teams exercise together in groups for young athletes to gain social interaction and also group conformity with his or her peers. Having confidences has a large amount to do with self-esteem, but where does a youth athlete get confidences in sports?Many places in sports for one is winning, teams who win gain confidences as a team and individuals with anything in life not just sports if an individual wins something no matter how little or big the prize is that individual gains some sort of confidences. Coaches h andle out individual awards to youth athletes along with league organizations that the children are playing in that can gain numerous confidences levels and achievements to last a lifetime. Difference between individual sports and team sports effects. What defines team sports from individual sports, team sports include, hockey, football, baseball/ softball, and basketball.Individual sports are the following, golf, swimming, gymnastics, and ice-skating just to name a few. There are effects from each sport being an individual playing a sport that person is to rely upon him or herself to perform well to their capabilities, whereas in a team sport much work go into teamwork and working well with others. Also Individual players have to hold a high stamina rating and be able to take command of the game well. If an athlete is aggressive that athlete shouldn’t play team sports where if that athlete plays an individual sport problems of aggression won’t arise.Now some team spor ts have individuals have games where they dominate the game by themselves, but the credit doesn’t go to that individual it is a team sport and a team effort. Individual sports are based and the individual who dominates the game will ultimate be declared the winner. In a team sports if the team is playing badly that team could still win the game based and other players performing to their needs. Which sport has more pressure the individual sports do because of the fact it is relied on just one person to win, but if that person can hold pressure well and love for individualism that is where they belong.Developmental advice regarding sports effects to parents to coaches? Parents are important agents of sport socialization for both their sons and their daughters. â€Å"Parents who value strenuous team sports are more likely to influence their children to join a team or at least participate in some kind of exercise, and spend less time in front of the TV or computer, a new study says† (Science Daily). Parents have been known to support their child in whatever sport it is they decide to play in; parents who are involved have a good correlation with the coach. Parents need to let the coaches be coaches and have their children listen and learn.Too many times parents get too involved with their children’s sports that it has led to the unwilling effort from children to play the game and to stop playing the sport all together. What causes children’s to quit playing sports is pressure from parents and sometimes their coaches. Best way is to let the child figure out on their if playing that sport is right for them if not to decide whether to keep playing or to end it all together maybe give another sport a try. Parents and coaches need to show sportsmanship during game and after game no matter what the outcome is this can rub off on youth athletes if poor sportsmanship is evident.Are there gender differences in sports effects on youth? Yes many youth athletes don’t get to play with siblings say if brother is playing his chances of playing with his sister are slim to nothing especially if the brother is a good athlete. Youth sports seem to segregate boys and girls from playing together. Women sports are not usually popular in mass media. Male sports is broadcasted everywhere on television. Girls playing sports can get frustrated by not seeing many women sports on television, by not seeing women playing sports on television or at events girls can be shied away from being involved with sports activities.Where boys can see and attend men sporting events to lead them wanting to play sports more. Is the redefinition of sex roles having on impact on the â€Å"male perspective† of sport? Women are entourage to play sports much more now than ever before, males have been known to watch women sports, like World Series of softball, women soccer, and women beach volleyball. I believe that participating in team sports help to develop serviceable character. Overall I can say that, it assists to develop discipline, which is something every person exigency to include in their lives.Even I believe that the good character is hard to develop. One of the main things that help to evolve good character considerably is team sports. People will develop how to work being with others even they will develop their ability of trusting someone. Team works provide confidence, dedication, fun, possible scholarships. More over team sports playing kids would accomplish better academic result compare to those who are individuals. That is the reason team sports develop good character. For a single player it is hard to target the goal but if they are all together then achieving the goal becomes easier.Being part of a team makes a person learn to not only work well with others but bond off the field. This preparation prepares athletes for when they go into the work world. Athletes tend to be a lot more social and outgoing an d work very well with other people. This is because they grow up learning to become friends with unknown people and work with them. The team oriented concept that is built into athletes plays such an important role of being confident and working well with others in the future.

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum Depression Free Online Research Papers Postpartum Depression Many women today suffer from Postpartum Depression; probably from the lack of knowledge of PPD. Postpartum depression is an illness that every woman should know after giving birth. PPD is an illness that can affect many women and can go unrecognized, so it is important to take care of yourself and recognize the symptoms of PPD. All new mothers will experience some form of Postpartum Depression; however, knowing the symptoms will help you seek the proper medical treatment, and overcome PPD. Some women do not know what postpartum depression is and what affects it can have; thus, women can think that what they are feeling are merely â€Å"baby blues†. What is Postpartum Depression? PPD is a serious illness that can occur during your pregnancy, or the first few months after giving birth. It also can happen after miscarriage and stillbirth (â€Å" WebMD,† 2008). Postpartum depression can make you feel very sad, tired, have lots crying spells, and unable to care for you baby. PPD is not what â€Å"baby blues† are, which is a feeling of moodiness, crying spells, and trouble sleeping that is accompanied with happy times. The â€Å"baby blues† only last for a couple of days or weeks, but postpartum can last for months and maybe up to a year without treatment. On the other hand if you are in doubt of the feelings you are experiencing, then you should talk to your family or friends. Your family can help you figure out if you are indeed having symptoms of PPD. You might even learn if one of your family members experienced the illness of PPD. Doing some research online of postpartum depression can clear some questions you are having about the illness. The Internet contains enormous information of postpartum depression, which can be very helpful with your current feelings and future reference after giving birth. Seeing a doctor will help you come to a conclusion if you have PPD; therefore, he can identify your symptoms and get medical treatment. Before seeing a doctor write a list of questions you may have along with the symptoms you are experiencing, so you will not leave the office with unanswered questions. Having knowledge of post partum depression can help you indentify if you have the illness, and seek proper medical treatment. What are the symptoms of PPD? This is a common question for all women who have given birth, and husbands who are concerned. The following are symptoms of Postpartum Depression are: Crying for â€Å"no reason†, feeling inadequate, Difficulty making decisions, confusion, anxiety, nervousness, dizziness, heart pounding, chest pains, feelings o hopelessness, sleep disturbances, angry feelings toward husband, baby or self, compulsive behaviors, thoughts of hurting your child or self, no interest in previously enjoyable activities, and other symptoms (â€Å"The Center for Postpartum Adjustment,† 2006). Knowing the risks factors for PPD can in fact help you identify the illness, and overcome it sooner then you thought, for the result may even be that in the future when having another child; PPD may not even reoccur. Who is at risk and what increases the risk? This is an important question to ask your doctor for this will prevent severe problems. About 75% of women who are depressed during pregnancy will also have postpartum depression. (â€Å"WebMD,† 2008) If you have had postpartum depression before, you are at high risk of having it again. Statistics say that about 50e of women with the history of PPD will have it after a future pregnancy (â€Å"WebMD,†2008) 2008). Additionally women with a family history of PPD (e.g. mother, grandmother, sister, or aunt) can have high risk of getting the illness as well. A bearer of an unwanted pregnancy; a long, difficult or complicated labor; an unsupported labor; or delivery of a premature, comprised, or defective baby is also an increased risk of PPD (â€Å"The Center for Postpartum Adjustment†, 2006) Stress can also trigger the risk for PPD, for instance like having a colicky newborn, financial issues, put your career on hold, or marriage problems. All new mothers experience the overwhelming feeling of not doing a well job, so their stress level goes skyrocket. Treatment for PPD will help overcome the illness slowly with observation, during the intake of antidepressants or counseling. It is best for women to seek counseling or support groups before deciding to take antidepressants. Seek to look at your nearest hospital for support groups to discuss your problem; therefore, you will not feel as if you were the only person with PPD. Support groups allow you to discuss your story and in return you will hear the similar story of women with PPD. On the other hand if you think that you need more then just counseling, then see your doctor for medical treatment as soon as possible. Your doctor will give you antidepressant at a set dosage and decrease it with the progress your that making. Antidepressants are mostly given to women who have Postpartum Major Depression [PMD]. Epperson (1999) states that PMD is a severe illness that needs immediate treatment, although it is arguable that all women with PMD should seek some type of counseling, a woman whose depression is persistent or so severe that she is having difficulty taking care of herself or functioning as a mother, or is having thoughts of harming herself or her child should be evaluated for antidepressant treatment. Postpartum Depression is an important illness that should be taken with precaution; however, without treatment PPD can lead to severe problems to your health and life. We have many medical resources and support groups to help with you with PPD; there it is not an excuse to let yourself go without treatment. It is important to be able to bond with your baby without PPD. Research Papers on Postpartum DepressionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part One

Free Essays on Parebtal Alcoholism

I chose to do my web writing assignment on the website http.//www.health.org/nongovpubs/coafacts/. This website shows the effects of parental alcoholism on children. It shows the mental and physical abuse children take throughout their lives. Alcoholism effects people and the families of those people, both directly and indirectly. The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children Until rather recently, the impact of alcoholism was measured by its effect on the alcoholic, by days lost from work and highway fatalities. New research, however, has tended to concentrate on the impact of alcoholism on the family, especially the children of alcoholics. Numerous studies have reported on the familial transmission of alcoholism. It has been shown that alcoholics have more biological relatives with an alcohol problem than do nonalcoholic. Furthermore, these people have a higher probability for developing alcoholism earlier in their lives; and experiencing more severe effects of alcoholism. There are in the vicinity of twenty million children under eighteen years of age whom are growing up in households where one or both parents are alcoholic, in the United States alone. These children are the unwilling victims of a disease which generally is the center of their childhood existence, and therefore shapes their personality and behavior as adults. Because of the familial nature of alcoholism children have been identified to be of high risk for developing this illness. Unless something is done to break the patterns initiated during childhood, a significant percentage of those who don’t become alcoholics themselves will marry an alcoholic upon reaching maturity continuing the cycle of abuse and depression. Studies of the development of drinking behavior recognize the formation of socially appropriate rules about the use of alcohol and the role of the parent behaviors and attitudes in determining drinking patterns. In addition, clustering of depre... Free Essays on Parebtal Alcoholism Free Essays on Parebtal Alcoholism I chose to do my web writing assignment on the website http.//www.health.org/nongovpubs/coafacts/. This website shows the effects of parental alcoholism on children. It shows the mental and physical abuse children take throughout their lives. Alcoholism effects people and the families of those people, both directly and indirectly. The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Children Until rather recently, the impact of alcoholism was measured by its effect on the alcoholic, by days lost from work and highway fatalities. New research, however, has tended to concentrate on the impact of alcoholism on the family, especially the children of alcoholics. Numerous studies have reported on the familial transmission of alcoholism. It has been shown that alcoholics have more biological relatives with an alcohol problem than do nonalcoholic. Furthermore, these people have a higher probability for developing alcoholism earlier in their lives; and experiencing more severe effects of alcoholism. There are in the vicinity of twenty million children under eighteen years of age whom are growing up in households where one or both parents are alcoholic, in the United States alone. These children are the unwilling victims of a disease which generally is the center of their childhood existence, and therefore shapes their personality and behavior as adults. Because of the familial nature of alcoholism children have been identified to be of high risk for developing this illness. Unless something is done to break the patterns initiated during childhood, a significant percentage of those who don’t become alcoholics themselves will marry an alcoholic upon reaching maturity continuing the cycle of abuse and depression. Studies of the development of drinking behavior recognize the formation of socially appropriate rules about the use of alcohol and the role of the parent behaviors and attitudes in determining drinking patterns. In addition, clustering of depre...

Obesity evolved from a private matter to a political issue Essay

Obesity evolved from a private matter to a political issue - Essay Example Also, obesity has been associated with low self-esteem levels, and higher levels of anxiety, depression, and measures associated with impaired quality of life. The debate as to whether the obesity problem is personal or environmental or both will continue as long as the public attention lasts, and the prospect of public policy depends on continuation of publicity of the problem. The complex nature of attribution of responsibility has made it difficult for policy makers to assign blame or develop remedial policies. Even though pressure for action has been growing, the interaction of such factors has made it difficult to predict the future course of policy related to obesity. Policies to address issues surrounding obesity have all failed to pass Congress. Definition of the problem, response from Congress, administrative agencies, courts, and cultural consequences of policy debate is a familiar route for obesity as observed in tobacco and patient’s rights measure. Among all industrial countries, the United States has the highest occurrence of overweight condition, and obesity has become a pandemic problem with over half the population being obese. Diets, eating behaviour and lack of activity have been attributed for the rise of obesity. There has been little examination of the contribution of public policies in agriculture and economics resulting in the current agricultural and food environment. Obesity has been accelerating in the recent decades, suggesting that environmental conditions could be contributing factors in addition to individual eating behaviours and evolving lifestyles (Tillotson, 2004). A study has been conducted to review and understand the relevant history of the issue surrounding the emergence of obesity from a private matter to a political issue. The study has been conducted by review of relevant literature on the matter. The study serves to identify the direction of the issue based on the prevailing debate. Industrialization

Ethics principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics principles - Essay Example Moral theorists and ethicist offer different views on this subject but they all agree that choices and actions do exemplify our social values and more importantly our code of conduct. This brings us to some very interesting questions such as how does ethics relate to code of conduct and social responsibility. In today's world, a growing population of the working class Americans is taking greater interest in ethics and values. Most individuals link bad ethics with a person's character. Many are of the view that a few "bad apples" can spoil the social environment for the rest of the nation. Speaking of ethics, an individual who has a strong ethical background should be able to act within a code of conduct which is not just acceptable but commendable. It is from this code of conduct (that ones ethical values dictate) that the importance of social responsibility arises. Ethics is a set of moral principles and values that we use to decide on questions regarding what is right and wrong and it is these principles that are put to the test when we make choices that affect not only individuals around us but society as whole. Most people believe that ethics is something that we learn over time and are not just born with.

Hell angels the Motorcycle riders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hell angels the Motorcycle riders - Essay Example It was not long before other chapters throughout California were established and the group gained increasing prominence. During these early years the insignia and many membership elements were established (Winterhalder 2005). Today for an individual to become a member of the Hell’s Angels they must be a white male, have a driver’s license, an American made working motorcycle, and can never have applied to be a police officer or prison guard (Winterhalder 2005). Similar to the mafia there are a highly structured variety of stages an individual must progress through – including hang around, associate, and prospect stages – before becoming a fully-fledged member (Winterhalder 2005). Today there are over one hundred chapters of the Hell’s Angels. Surprisingly these chapters are not limited to the United States, but are spread out over 29 countries globally, with the first international chapter established in New Zealand in 1961 (Winterhalder 2005). While the members of Hell’s Angels contend they make great contributions to society, they have also been involved in a high number of criminal incidents. Perhaps the most seminal incident occurred at the 1969 Altamont Free Concert, a free Rolling Stones concert (Lavigne 2010). The Hell’s Angels were hired as security for the event, but during one incident greatly overstepped their bounds and killed one of the concertgoers. This incident is only the most publicized in a long-history of criminal incidents. In recent years the Hell’s Angels were involved in a shooting in Sparks, Nevada. Jeffrey Pettigrew, president of the San Jose chapter, was shot in the back two times by members of a rival gang (Lavigne 2010). In 2002 another incident occurred in Nevada. Referred to the River Run Riot the Hell’s Angels engaged in physical conflict on the casino floor (Lavigne 2010). This incident

Proposal for recreational area Essay Example for Free

Proposal for recreational area Essay It’s really important to keep the people of any company happy and active in the workplace and one of the ways of ensuring it is by creating a recreational area for the employees as they spend their time in it and refresh their mind from stress and daily issues. The reason for having a recreational area, it helps to make the work more interesting and easy basically after spending the time in it .they feel so good and lighter and do their best for their organization. It unlocks the imaginations and innovation. it is also important to uplift our employees moods.so I have two main suggestions the first one is YOGA AREA and the second one is VIDEO GAMES AREA. The first suggestion we can consider in office is YOGA AREA. Yoga is a mind-body perform that combines physical poses, controlled breathing, and relaxation. Yoga may help to reduce stress, blood pressure, and heart rate. And almost anyone can do it. Yoga poses, also called postures, are a series of movements designed to increase strength and stretchable. while completely relaxed to difficult postures that may have you stretching your physical limits. Controlling your breathing is an important part of yoga. Yoga teaches that controlling your breathing can help you control your body and silent your mind. even a few minutes of meditation during your workday can make a difference. Example: McKinsey and Company is a firm in Hong Kong which have a yoga area for their employees so that employee does their best with active of mind. On the other hand, the second suggestion we can consist the VIDEO GAME AREA. This contains some standard games like play station E.T.C playing the game would refresh our mind. these are the sources of joy it will create happiness and reduce stress playing game is not just essential for kids, it can an important source of relaxation for adult as well as for employees , it is a time to forget about work and commitment playing games impact their brains positively by increasing motivation improving memory and at even enhancing feeling of empathy among the learned. long working hours make processing information difficult in a day and playing video games break helps in losing stress and give more energy to work .many employee are playing their games hobby to the office.the project based work make it easier to fit in a few minutes to play during the workday. According to the psychologist DR messy!  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Some video games give you a short experience where you can be competent and autonomous † Example: Thrashers enterprise has a recreational area in their organization.It is practicing in the office building of this organization in Japan.  Aside from giving you the enjoyment that you would want, recreational activities also giving you an opportunity for you to be able to spend time with yourself .Having a time to spend yourself can make you meet your inner self. it will give you’re an opportunity to know more about yourself deeper.

Party System and Dynamics in Tanzania

Party System and Dynamics in Tanzania Over the course of history, political scientists have attempted to create social laws that can explain and predict how government functions. One of the most famous examples of this law is Duvergers Law. Duvergers Law proposes that FPTP (first-past-the-post) electoral systems produce party systems in which two major parties competitively vie for power. This hypothesis comes from the definition of winning used in electoral systems. Since winning is defined as getting as many votes as possible to gain a majority vote (+50%), it is only natural that two major parties emerge (Riker 1982). However, looking at the case of the African country, Tanzania, Duvergers Law is not clearly applicable and the lines defining major parties become muddled. In short, the law does not hold in this specific case and should be discarded when examining Tanzanian politics. To examine the party system and dynamics in Tanzania, one must look closely at the circumstances concerning its inception. After gaining independence from the UK, Tanzania was ruled by a single party known as TANU, after the party intimidated all other parties to extinction in 1963 (Ngasongwa, 1992). However, the 2nd president of Tanzania of the CCM Party, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, formed a commission known as the Nyalali Commission which amended the constitution in 1992 and allowed any political party to run for presidency (Tambila 1995). This ushered a multi-party political system along with more varied competition into the country. However, looking superficially at election data from 1992 onwards, a single party, the CCM, dominates Tanzanian election polls. Since 1992, the party wins the presidential and legislative elections with a margin of more than 60%, even reaching almost 80% in the 2005 presidential elections. This means that 20% to 40% of the votes are divided between the lesser parties (Elections in Tanzania 2011). This considerable discrepancy puts a serious limitation on the application of Duvergers Law on the country. There is virtually no other party competing with the CCM and one cannot help but wonder if Tanzania is slowly returning to a state with an informal one party system. Duvergers Law fails to explain Tanzanias current political party system for two reasons: Tanzania is not a multi-party system, but instead is a single party system feigning democracy. Duvergers Law fails to account for the various political pressures and institutions that affect the way a country is run. It does not consider corruption, pressures exerted by foreign governments, conditional foreign aid, and postcolonial legacies that insidiously affect politics. Tanzanias dysfunctional party system becomes clearer when looking at the results of the 2005 presidential election where CCM faced the biggest threat to its power. Polling lower than ever before, they narrowly won the Tanzanian Presidential elections with 58.46% of the vote. In Zanzibar (an autonomous entity part of Tanzania), leader of the opposition party CUF announced that he won the vote over CCM. What followed was bizarre. The chairman of the Zanzibar Electoral Committee annulled the vote and in the following election, the CCM won more than 90% of the votes along with most of the legislative seats offered. With limitations on opposing political parties and increasingly restrictive free speech (Tanzanian government threatened to suspend 30 news outlets and closed another two), Tanzanian politics now carries an undemocratic atmosphere (Roop, Weghorst 2016). Two factors can explain this strange turn into an arguably undemocratic country. The opposition is weak and disorganized and the CCM is viewed as a benevolent political party by the citizens, thus weakening any resolve for change. Also, the opposition lacks the resources available to the CCM and the CCM has plenty tactics to employ to suppress opposition. According to Hoffman and Robinson, The CCM employs three strategies to impede its competitors: 1) regulating political competition, the media, and civil society; 2) blurring the boundary between the party and state; and 3) the targeted use of blatantly coercive illegal actions (2009). Such practices directly conflict with the characterization of Tanzania as a democratic state. Hoffman and Robinson corroborate this and argue that Tanzania is now a single party authoritarian regime. If Tanzania is not a democratic state and only has one party, then Duvergers Law is automatically out of the question. However, if CCM is really that authoritarian, why would it be the party responsible for turning Tanzania into a multi-party system? The answer to this question is also the answer to why Duvergers Law cannot be applicable in cases where there are many complex political forces at play. In Samuel Huntingtons book, The Third Wave (1991), he argues for transplacement which is when a ruling party initiates a certain change and molds the rules to its benefit. This is arguably what CCM did. In another dimension, according to Nyirabu in a kindlier assessment, the CCMs top leaders saw that democracy was sweeping the world and decided that Tanzania should also welcome it with open arms, since there would be no point in resisting global change (2002). Although a beautiful and open invitation, it is not that simple. Tanzanias foreign aid must be considered when looking at its turn into democracy. It is in this key point where Duvergers Law also fails. Tanzania was receiving more than 30% of the countrys GDP in foreign aid. The donors were pressuring the ruling party, CCM, to accept a democratic system that allowed multiple parties to exist in the political sphere (Hoffman, Robinson 2009). Thus, the meddling and pressure on CCM helped shape the party nature present in Tanzania today by giving CCM the incentive it needed to create a political institution where it reigns supreme. Duvergers Law also fails because it does not consider the attitudes of the people of Tanzania. According to a 2008 Afrobarometer survey, 90% of respondents said they felt closest to the CCM party and 76% of respondents said if elections were to be held soon, they would vote for the CCM party. This complacence with authority has colonial roots. As argued by Schneider, Tanzanian political imagination is corrupted with colonial images where citizens constantly compare their current situation to their much-worse situation during colonialism. State elites and officials also construct a paternal and nationalistic image for themselves that makes citizens see themselves as wards of a loving state (2006). This recalling of colonial roots explains why CCM is the most popular party and how corruption of states goes unquestioned. Finally, Duvergers Law gives a uniquely Western perspective on politics that knows nothing of colonialism and ethnolinguistic divisions that occur during and after colonialism. To apply such a social law on a country that has been deeply affected by its colonialist past would be unwise. As argued by Mozaffar, Scarritt, and Galaich (2003) and van de Walle (2003), African democratic countries have deep ethnolinguistic challenges that cause party splintering per patronage, regardless of agenda or principles. Parties are divided according to history, clientelism and man-made institutions colonialist legacy imposes, such as race and favor, that can cause a huge shift in public opinion, party systems and opposition formation. Colonialism also leaves postcolonial countries in a dearth of political consciousness that is required to form healthy oppositional groups. It leaves countries with none of the experience needed to sustain a free and democratic country that entertains freedom (Bernhar d, Weghorst 2014). Although these criteria are not directly applicable to Tanzania, they are important limitations to Duvergers Law and must be taken into account, nonetheless. While Duvergers Law is useful in predicting political patterns, the theory fails to account for many important aspects in political parties development. This is seen especially in the case of Tanzania, where the Law is not clearly upheld. Duvergers Law speaks more closely to Western experiences where stable and long-living political climates pervade. Amending the law to fit Tanzania would require much introspective analysis of other political factors that shape the countrys party dynamics. Also, the law can only apply to countries that have a flourishing democratic system with oppositional parties and this is not the apparent case with Tanzania. References Elections in Tanzania. Elections in Tanzania. N.p., March april 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. Hoffman, Barak, and Lindsay Robinson. Tanzanias Missing Opposition. Journal of Democracy 20.4 (2009): 123-36. Web. Huntington, Samuel P. The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: U of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print. Mozaffar, Shaheen, James R. Scarritt, and Glen Galaich. Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africas Emerging Democracies. American Political Science Review 97.03 (2003): 379-90. Web. Ngasongwa, Juma. Tanzania introduces a multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ party system. Review of African Political Economy 19.54 (1992): 112-16. Web. Nyirabu, Mohabe. The Multiparty Reform Process in Tanzania: The Dominance of the Ruling Party. African Journal of Political Science 7.2 (2002): 99-112. Web. Riker, William H. The Two-Party System and Duvergers Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science. The American Political Science Review 76.4 (1982): 753-66. Web. Roop, Sterling, and Keith Weghorst. The 2015 National Elections in Tanzania. Electoral Studies 43 (2016): 190-94. Web. Schneider, Leander. Colonial Legacies and Postcolonial Authoritarianism in Tanzania: Connects and Disconnects. African Studies Review 49.01 (2006): 93-118. Web. Tambila, K. I. The Transition to Multiparty Democracy in Tanzania: Some History and Missed Opportunities. Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 28.4 (1995): 468-88. Web. Walle, Nicolas Van De. Presidentialism and clientelism in Africas emerging party systems. The Journal of Modern African Studies 41.2 (2003): 297-321. Web. Weghorst, Keith R., and Michael Bernhard. From Formlessness to Structure? The Institutionalization of Competitive Party Systems in Africa. Comparative Political Studies 47.12 (2014): 1707-737. Web. Outline: Introduction Brief introduction to social laws and hypotheses Insert Duvergers Law definition from paper handout Briefly explain the law in detail Reference Rikers analyses regarding majority vote and FPTP systems. If winning is defined as the most votes, that is, as a plurality, then one might reasonably expect a two-party system owing to the necessity under this definition of maximiz- ing votes. (Riker, 1982) Mention case study: Tanzania Thesis: Duvergers law doesnt work in the case of Tanzania Body 1st paragraph: Explaining Tanzanian transition to multi-partism. Mention 8th Constitution amendment Explain historical context regarding Tanzanian political history. Ngasongwas 1992 paper on TANUs hold on Tanzania Tambilas 1995 paper on hopeful Tanzanian transition to actual democracy. 2nd paragraph: Mention election data from 1992 Mention discrepancy with data and that CCM dominates the election polls 3rd paragraph: Why Duvergers Law fails: Tanzania is not democratic and is a single party state Duvergers law is largely Eurocentric and does not take into account the various challenges non-Western countries go through 4th paragraph: Explain first failure of Duvergers Law with failed Zanzibar elections and restricting free speech 5th paragraph: Factors that cause this: CCM viewed as savior Weak, disorganized opposition with zero resources Explain oppositional lack of resources and CCMs abundant wealth. Hoffman and Robinsons paper 6th paragraph: Explain how CCM could both be the original usher of democracy and an oppressor Transplacement concept 7th paragraph: Foreign aids effect on transplacement Why CCM transitioned to democratic state (to continue foreign aid receival and ensure power) 8th paragraph: Attitudes of people towards CCM Colonial images haunting peoples outlook Schneiders paper Paternal image of officials How this affects CCMs rise of power and continuous consolidation of it 9th paragraph: Colonial effects on oppositional formation No knowledge of how to run democratic state Deep fissures in society Deep ethnolinguistic problems Opposition divided based on bloodlines Mention Mozaffer and Bernhard papers referencing this dilemma Duvergers Law=largely Eurocentric Conclusion Duvergers Law not applicable to Tanzania for above reasons Amendment would require in depth work